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1 useful
(КВП - не только полезный!)1) эффективныйFor ambient air monitoring, passive samplers are particularly useful for baseline surveys При мониторинге атмосферного воздуха, для выполнения контрольных обследований особенно эффективными оказываются пассивные пробоотборники2) результативный3) целесообразныйFour more points, each..., are useful to А Для А целесообразно использовать еще четыре точки, каждая из которых...4) небесполезный; приносящий пользу5) удобный (функция, модель)6) приемлемый (тип, эффективность); подходящий (метод, конденсатор); достаточный ( способность)7) применяемый ( модель); практически используемый участок характеристики); могущий быть использованным8) находящий применение; могущий найти применение9) необходимый; важный ( добротность)11) действенный12) содержательный; информативный13) ценный; необходимый (напр., об информации)14) могущий сыграть определенную / свою рольit is useful имеет смысл ( сделать что-л.)English-Russian dictionary of scientific and technical difficulties vocabulary > useful
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2 the relative simplicity and tractability of (1.1) make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems
1) Общая лексика: относительная простота и лёгкость в трактовке модели (1.1) делают её полезным прототипом для изучения более сложных задач у2) Математика: делают его (уравнение (1.1)) полезным прототипомУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > the relative simplicity and tractability of (1.1) make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems
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3 this improvement is more specious than useful
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > this improvement is more specious than useful
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4 the relative simplicity and tractability of make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > the relative simplicity and tractability of make it a useful prototype for the study of more complex stability problems
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5 полезный
useful, helpful, efficient, valuable, of use• Аналогия иногда бывает полезной для понимания... - An analogy is sometimes useful in understanding...• Более полезной для наших целей формой уравнения (1) является... - A form of (l) more useful for our purposes is...• В принципе, могло бы быть полезным... - In principle it may be advantageous to...• Возможно, будет полезна одна грубая аналогия. - Perhaps a rough analogy will help.• Далее, мы можем извлечь полезную информацию, изучая... - We can then obtain useful information by studying...• Данное обозначение полезно, поскольку... - This notation is useful because...• Данный результат окажется полезным при обсуждении... - This result will prove useful in the discussion of...• Для многих целей уравнение (10) полезно именно в том виде, в котором оно приведено. - For many purposes, equation (10) is useful as it stands.• Из... можно вывести много полезных результатов. - Many useful results may be deduced from...• Иногда оказывается полезной следующая альтернативная формулировка. - The following alternative formulation is sometimes useful.• Интересным и полезным фактом является то, что... - The interesting and useful fact is that...• Некоторые из них могут оказаться не такими полезными как другие, поскольку... - Some of these may not be as useful as others, because...• Несколько более полезная диаграмма получается... - A somewhat more useful design curve is obtained by...• Одна полезная аппроксимация получается... - A useful approximation is obtained by...• Однако в равной мере полезным представлением является... - An equally useful representation, however, is...• Подобные решения наиболее полезны для вычисления... - Such solutions are most useful for calculating...• Последний результат особенно полезен для задач, включающих... - The above result is particularly useful for problems involving...• Простое, но полезное следствие теоремы 1 состоит в том, что... - A simple but useful consequence of Theorem 1 is that...• Результат, представленный формулой (9), очень полезен при выводе свойств (чего-л). - The result (9) is very useful for deducing properties of...• Теперь мы обсудим полезное преобразование... - We now discuss a useful transformation of...• Теперь мы получим полезный критерий для... - We now obtain a useful criterion for...• Часто бывает полезным уточнить... - It is often useful to specify...• Читателю будет полезно помнить, что... - The reader will find it helpful to keep in mind that. '..• Чтобы..., обычно полезно... - It is usually advantageous to...• Эта форма особенно полезна для получения... - This form is particularly useful for obtaining...• Это весьма полезная аналогия. - This is a very useful analogy.• Это не особо полезное определение, так как... - This is not a particularly useful definition, since...• Это полезное определение, поскольку... - This is a useful definition because...• Это соотношение часто бывает полезным, поскольку оно обеспечивает... - This expression is often useful because it provides...• Этот результат полезен лишь тогда, когда... - This result is useful only when...• простой и полезный критерий... - a simple and useful criterion -
6 полезно
it is useful, it is sound practice, it is advantageous• Будет полезно использовать условия, при которых... - It will be useful to explore the circumstances under which...• Будет полезно переформулировать... - It will be useful to have a reformulation of...• Будет полезно рассмотреть эту ситуацию с более общей точки зрения. - It will be useful to consider this situation more generally.• Будет полезно снова рассмотреть... - It will be useful to reconsider...• Было бы очень полезно уметь вычислять... - It would be very useful to be able to compute...• В некоторых случаях более полезно... - In some cases it is more useful to...• В самом деле, часто бывает полезно подумать о... - In fact, it is often useful to think of...• Возможно, будет полезно бросить взгляд на... - It is probably useful to look at...• Иногда бывает полезно подумать о... - Sometimes it is useful to think of...• Иногда бывает полезно рассмотреть... - It is sometimes useful to consider...• Может быть полезно представить... - It may be helpful to imagine...• Однако обнаружено, что более полезно... - It is found more useful, however, to...• Очень полезно заметить, что... - It is very useful to notice that...• Перед тем как начать более детальное изучение..., полезно рассмотреть... - Before beginning a more detailed study of..., it is helpful to consider...• Полезно (= поучительно) вычислить... - It is instructive to compute...• Полезно было бы проверить... - It might be well to examine...• Полезно здесь отвлечься и рассмотреть... - It is useful to digress here and consider...• Полезно иметь возможность визуализировать... - It is useful to be able to visualize...• Полезно помнить, что... - A useful result to remember is that...• Прежде чем продолжить этот анализ, полезно... - Before proceeding with this analysis, it is useful to...• Проделывая это, иногда бывает полезно (использовать и т. п.)... - When doing this it is sometimes convenient to...• Сейчас будет полезно (ввести и т. п.)... - It will be useful at this point to...• Сейчас может быть полезно... - It may be helpful at this point to...• Следовательно, полезно подумать о... - It is therefore useful to think of...• Часто бывает полезно иметь явные выражения для... - It is often useful to have explicit expressions for...• Это выражение часто бывает полезно для оценки... - This expression is often useful for estimating...• Это особенно полезно для представления... - It is particularly useful for representing...• Это свойство особенно полезно, когда... - This feature is particularly useful when... -
7 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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8 principiante
adj.1 beginning.2 lead-off.f. & m.beginner, fledgling, first-timer, starter.* * *► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 beginner* * *noun mf.beginner, novice* * *principiante, -a1.ADJ [actor, fotógrafo, jugador] inexperienced2.SM / F (=novato) beginner, novice; (=aprendiz) learner* * *IIIes un conductor principiante — he's a learner driver, he's learning to drive
masculino y femenino beginner* * *= beginner, entrant, novice, emergent, tyro, cadet, rookie, greenhorn.Ex. It is useful for a beginner in a library or a beginner in a particular field, a scholar who comes from one field to another or a user who wants to find the latest information.Ex. In general it is felt that it would be more useful for entrants to the library profession to have a wider academic background.Ex. 'Not one of us on the board has had to interview anyone for a library position,' he said, 'so we're novices at this!'.Ex. Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.Ex. It is useful if OPAC's menus cater for both the tyro and the experienced user.Ex. This listing of historically important manuscripts and documents was prepared for the use of cadets, faculty, and outside scholars.Ex. The second case involved a complaint by a woman claiming that she had been raped by Boston Celtics rookie, Marcus Smith, just after he broke off their three month relationship.Ex. Dismounting a horse like a greenhorn can be embarrassing, and more important, dangerous.----* actriz principiante = starlet.* guía para principiantes = beginners' guide.* principiante de Internet = newbie.* principiantes, los = uninitiated, the.* suerte del principiante, la = beginner's luck.* * *IIIes un conductor principiante — he's a learner driver, he's learning to drive
masculino y femenino beginner* * *= beginner, entrant, novice, emergent, tyro, cadet, rookie, greenhorn.Ex: It is useful for a beginner in a library or a beginner in a particular field, a scholar who comes from one field to another or a user who wants to find the latest information.
Ex: In general it is felt that it would be more useful for entrants to the library profession to have a wider academic background.Ex: 'Not one of us on the board has had to interview anyone for a library position,' he said, 'so we're novices at this!'.Ex: Books for emergent readers should facilitate the acquisition of these concepts.Ex: It is useful if OPAC's menus cater for both the tyro and the experienced user.Ex: This listing of historically important manuscripts and documents was prepared for the use of cadets, faculty, and outside scholars.Ex: The second case involved a complaint by a woman claiming that she had been raped by Boston Celtics rookie, Marcus Smith, just after he broke off their three month relationship.Ex: Dismounting a horse like a greenhorn can be embarrassing, and more important, dangerous.* actriz principiante = starlet.* guía para principiantes = beginners' guide.* principiante de Internet = newbie.* principiantes, los = uninitiated, the.* suerte del principiante, la = beginner's luck.* * *es un conductor principiante he's a learner driver, he's learning to drivebeginnerse matriculó en un curso para principiantes she enrolled in a beginners' coursea veces comete errores de principiante sometimes he makes really basic mistakes* * *
principiante sustantivo masculino y femenino
beginner;
principiante mf beginner
' principiante' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
incurrir
- novata
- novatada
- novato
- señor
English:
beginner
- novice
- rank
* * *principiante, -a♦ adjinexperienced;se pone nervioso con los conductores principiantes he gets nervous with inexperienced drivers;para ser principiante, no lo hace mal he's not bad for a beginner♦ nm,fbeginner;ha cometido un error de principiante he's made a really basic mistake* * *I adj inexperiencedII m/f beginner* * *principiante adj: beginningprincipiante nmf: beginner, novice* * *principiante n beginner -
9 приложение
application, supplement, appendix• В качестве приложения этого анализа мы рассмотрим уравнение (3). - As an application of the analysis, we consider Eq. (3).• В этом приложении мы представим... - In this appendix we shall present...• В этом приложении мы приводим результаты... - In this appendix we present the results of...• Во многих инженерных приложениях необходимо рассматривать... - In many engineering applications, it is necessary to consider...• Во многих приложениях это и есть все, что необходимо. - In many applications this is all that is required.• Вскоре мы рассмотрим ряд приложений. - We will soon consider a number of applications.• Далее в Приложении мы используем данную тему. - We explore this topic further in the appendix.• Дальнейшее приложение соотношения (1) показывает, что... - Further application of (1) shows that...• Для некоторых приложений мы должны помнить, что... - For some applications we have to remember that...• Здесь мы будем заниматься только его приложениями к... - Here we shall deal only with its application to...• Здесь мы не будем обсуждать эти практические приложения. - These practical applications will not concern us here.• Имелись небольшие коммерческие приложения... - There has been little commercial application of...• Как приложение данного результата, мы покажем, что... - As an application of this result, we show that...• Метод имеет много приложений. - The method is rich in applications.• Мы теперь приведем приложение уравнения (5). - We now give an application of (5).• Нижеследующая теорема является основой для дальнейших приложений. - The next theorem is basic to the applications that follow.• Однако в общем случае эта идея имеет небольшую область приложений. - However, this idea has little application in general.• Однако в приложениях в основном более полезно подумать о... - In application, however, it is generally more useful to think of...• Однако у этого результата имеется другое приложение. - However, this result has another application.• Одним таким важным приложением является следующее. - One important application is the following.• Одно приложение данного принципа является особенно важным. - One application of this principle is especially important.• Они имеют широкое приложение в... - These have extensive applications in...• Относительно подробно они рассматриваются в Приложении А. - These are considered in some detail in Appendix A.• Первое полезное приложение было представлено Смитом [1], который... - The first useful application was provided by Smith [1], who...• Подробнее см. в Приложении 1. - For more detail, see Appendix 1.• Приложения данной теории играют жизненно важную роль в... - The applications of this theory play a vital role in...• Простой иллюстрацией для этого результата является его приложение к... - A simple illustration of this result is its application to...• Следующая теорема имеет приложения при изучении... - The next theorem has applications in the study of...• Смит [1] сообщает, что это свойство могло бы иметь полезные практические приложения, что и показывается ниже. - Smith [1] suggests that this property may have a useful practical application as follows.• Список... приводится в Приложении А. - A list of... appears in Appendix A.• Чтобы расширить нашу область приложений, мы теперь рассмотрим... - То broaden our scope of applications we now consider...• Эта возможность еще более вероятна в специальных приложениях, где... - This possibility is even more likely in special applications, where...• Эти идеи получают немедленно приложение к/в... - These ideas have immediate application in...• Это неверное приложение... - This is a misapplication of...• Это общее заключение имеет приложение к широкому классу... - This general conclusion applies to a wide class of...• Это полезно для многих приложений. - This is useful in many applications. -
10 форма
form, shape, quantic, pattern, configuration• Альтернативная форма данного соотношения получается,.. - An alternative form of this relation is obtained by...• Более полезной для наших целей формой уравнения (1) является следующая... - A form of (1) more useful for our purposes is...• Более слабая форма теоремы 1 может быть выведена из... - A weaker form of Theorem 1 can be deduced from...• Более удобные формы решения были получены Смитом [1]. - More convenient forms of solution have been obtained by Smith [1].• В более экономной форме это может быть записано как... - More economically, this can be written as...• В основном существуют две формы... - Basically, there are two forms of...• В результате преобразования уравнение (1) принимает форму (= вид)... - After simplification equation (1) becomes...• В упрощенной форме можно было бы сказать, что... - In a simplified way one may say that...• В этом случае данное уравнение принимает форму (= вид)... - In this case the equation takes the form...• Выведем форму... - We deduce the form of...• Данное уравнение имеет ту же форму, что и уравнение (3.2)... - This has the same form as equation (3.2), except that in (3.2),..., while in (3.3),....• Заметьте, что это (выражение) имеет ту же форму, что и... - Note that this is of the same form as...• Итак, данный алгоритм имеет следующую форму. - The algorithm is therefore as follows.• Мы могли бы получить еще другую форму (чего-л). - We may obtain yet another form of...• Мы можем сказать это же в другой форме:... - Another way of saying this is...• Мы можем также сформулировать это в другой форме. - We may also formulate it in a different manner.• Мы приведем уравнение к специальной форме. - We reduce the equation to a special form.• Наиболее широко используемой (его/ее) формой является та, которая выводится из... - The most widely used form is that derived from...• Наша цель здесь - переработать это в форму, которая... - Our aim is to recast this in a form which is...• Общее решение (3.1) может быть записано в форме... - The general solution of (3.1) can be written as...• Они могут принять различную форму. - These can take various forms.• Существует, безусловно, много других форм... - There are, of course, many other forms of...• Теперь из формы функции д(х) очевидно следует, что... - Now it is obvious from the form of the function g(x) that...• Тот же самый результат может быть сформулирован в другой форме. - The same result can be put in a different form.• Удобно записать это в следующей форме... - It is convenient to write this in the form...• Формула (4) может быть выражена в несколько отличной форме посредством... - The result (4) may be expressed in a slightly different form by means of...• Чтобы преобразовать уравнение (1) к стандартной форме, мы определим... - То convert Eq. (1) to a standard form, we define...• Эта форма особенно полезна для получения... - This form is particularly useful for obtaining...• Эти уравнения теперь принимают форму в некотором смысле аналогичную... - These equations are now in a form analogous in some respects to...• Этим устанавливается довольно строгая форма (чего-л). - This establishes a rather strong form of...• Это может быть проделано путем преобразования уравнения (1) к следующей форме... - This may be accomplished by rearranging Eq. (1) in the form...• Это наиболее удобная форма (чего-л). - This is the most useful form of...• Это уравнение имеет такую же общую форму, что и уравнение 1. - This equation has the same general form as Eq. (1). -
11 χρήσιμος
-η,-ον + A 1-0-3-1-10=15 Gn 37,26; Ez 15,4; Zech 6,10.14; Prv 17,17useful Ez 15,4; id. (of pers.) Prv 17,17; χρήσιμον (unjust) gain Gn 37,26*Zech 6,10 παρὰ τῶν χρησίμων αὐτῆς from its useful men-ֵביָהוֹט מאת from its good ones for MT ִביָהוֹט מאתfrom Tobiah, see also 6,14χρησιμώτερος more useful, more profit-able TobS 3,10 Cf. WAANDERS 1983, 186; WEVERS 1993, 624-625 -
12 цель
(= намерение) aim, purpose, target, goal, object, end, mark• Более контролируемый способ достижения той же цели это... - A more controlled way of achieving the same end is to...• Более полезной для наших целей формой уравнения (1) является... - A form of (1) more useful for our purposes is...• В наши цели не входит обсуждать здесь, что... - It is not our intention to argue here that...• Вторая цель - установить, что... - A second objective is to ensure that...• Вышеуказанная цель была достигнута. - The above objective has been achieved.• Главной целью является... - The main objective is to...• Для большинства целей, однако, достаточно (выбрать и т. п.)... - For most purposes it is, however, sufficient to...• Для достижения этой цели... - With this aim in mind...; To accomplish these ends...• Для многих целей предпочтительно (выбрать и т. п.)... - For many purposes it is preferable to...• Для многих целей уравнение (10) полезно именно в том виде, как оно приведено. - For many purposes, equation (10) is useful as it stands.• Для нашей цели совершенно не существенно, как выбирается значение х. - For our present purpose it does not matter how x is chosen.• Для наших целей будет удобно... - It will be convenient for our purposes to...• Для наших целей подходит следующее достаточно грубое определение. - For our purposes the following rather rough definition is adequate.• Для наших целей удобно (ввести и т. п.)... - For our purposes it is convenient to...• Для наших целей эти детали не являются важными. - For our purposes the details are not important.• Для некоторых целей (нам) желательно иметь... - For certain purposes it is desirable to have...• Для этой цели мы должны... - For this purpose we must...• Для этой цели удобно... - For this purpose, it is convenient to...• Значительно более важным для наших целей является... - Far more important for our purposes is...• Изменение точки зрения необходимо с целью... - A shift in perspective is needed in order to...• К несчастью, это не реальная цель, потому что... - Unfortunately this is an unrealistic goal because...• Мы уже несколько раз сообщали о нашей цели (изучить и т. п.)'... - We have indicated a few times our intention to...• На самом деле для настоящих целей достаточно рассмотреть... - In fact it is sufficient for the present purpose to consider...• Наконец, для некоторых целей могло бы иметь преимущества... - Finally, it might be advantageous for some purposes to...• Напоминаем, что целью данного упражнения является... - Recall that the purpose of the exercise is to...• Наша цель здесь - переработать это в форму, которая... - Our aim is to recast this in a form which is...• Наша цель имеет три направления. - Our goal is three-fold.• Нашей основной целью является описание... - Our main purpose is to given an exposition of...• Нашей основной целью является описание систематических методов для... - Our first concern is to describe systematic methods for...• Нашей основной целью является определение... - The main objective is to determine...• Нашей целью будет... - Our task will be to...• Нашей целью не является развернутое рассмотрение (теории и т. п.)... - It is not our purpose to give an extensive treatment of...• Нашей целью является доказательство того, что это действительно справедливо. - Our objective is to show that this is indeed the case.• Нашей целью является изучить... - Our object is to study...• Нашей целью является не систематическое развитие предмета, а, скорее,... - Our interest is not to develop the subject systematically, but to...• Нашей целью является решение уравнение (1), подчиненного (условию и т. п.)... - Our objective is to solve (1) subject to...• Однако все эти моменты находятся в стороне от целей данной работы. - These are, however, outside the scope of this work.• Однако поскольку данная формула слишком сложна для практических целей, мы будем... - Since, however, this formula is too complicated for practical purposes, we shall...• Однако следует попробовать провести такой анализ с целью... - But such an analysis has to be attempted in order to...• Однако этот метод совершенно не удовлетворяет нашим целям. - This procedure, however, falls far short of our goal.• Одной из главных целей данного обсуждения является... - One of the main goals of the discussion is...• Основной целью данной книги является... - The principal aim of the present book is to...• Особенно важным для наших целей является случай, что... - Particularly important for our purposes is the case of...• Полное обсуждение подобных факторов находится вне целей данной работы. - A full discussion of such factors is beyond the scope of this paper.• С тем, чтобы сфокусировать наше внимание на одной специальной цели, мы... - In order to focus our attention on a specific objective, we shall...• С учетом целей этого тома здесь невозможно дать детальный отчет о... - It is impossible within the scope of this volume to give a detailed account of...• С целью анализа мы предположим... - For purposes of analysis we shall assume...• С целью дальнейшего использования заметим здесь... - Let us note here, for future use,...• С целью дальнейших ссылок мы отметим, что... - We note for future reference that...• С целью использования соотношения (14) мы заметим, что... - Wishing to exploit (14), we note that...• С целью произвести оценки предположим что... - For the purpose of making estimates, suppose that...• С целью упростить обозначения мы предполагаем, что... - For simplicity of notation, we assume that...• С этой целью мы будем использовать... - For this purpose, we shall use...• С этой целью мы заметим, что... - То this end (= For this purpose), we note that...• Следующей нашей целью будет описание... - Our next task is to describe...• Таким образом, для наших целей мы всегда можем воспользоваться... - Thus for our purposes we may always use...• Требуются дальнейшие наблюдения с целью... - Further observations are required in order to...• Удобная для практических целей формулировка состоит в следующем... - For practical applications a convenient formulation is...• Удобным методом достижения необходимой цели является... - A convenient way to accomplish this is to...• Цель данной книги - обеспечить... - It is the aim of this book to provide...• Цель данной книги состоит в... - The purpose of this book is to...• Цель состоит в том, чтобы показать, что... - The aim is to show that...• Целью более абстрактной формулировки (6) является то, что... - The aim of the more abstract formulation (6) is to...• Целью данной главы является представление... - It is the purpose of this chapter to present...• Целью данной главы является развитие... - The aim of this chapter is to develop...• Цель данной заметки заключается в том, чтобы сообщить, что... - It is the purpose of this note to announce that...• Целью данной книги является описание... - The purpose of this book is to describe...• Целью настоящего обсуждения является... - It is the purpose of the present discussion to...• Целью следующего параграфа является нахождение условий, которые позволят нам... - The aim of the next section is to establish conditions which enable us to...• Целью такого представления является... - The purpose of such a representation is to...• Целью этого параграфа является краткий обзор... - The purpose of this section is to give a quick sketch of...• Чтобы достичь цели, необходимо... - То meet this objective, it is necessary to...• Это достаточно для нашей цели в связи с... - It is sufficient for the purpose in view...• Это существенно для наших целей. - This is essential for our purposes.• Этот подход может достигнуть цели, лишь если... - This approach can succeed only if...• Я считаю, что целью данного симпозиума является... - A goal for this symposium, I believe is to ensure we all understand... -
13 better
1. n держащий пари2. n лучший; лучшееbetter by a long way, a long way better — гораздо лучше
is that any better? — так лучше?, разве так не лучше?!
3. a от I4. a лучший; высшийfar better — гораздо лучший; гораздо лучше
better days — лучшие дни жизни, лучшая пора
the more the better — чем больше, тем лучше
5. a более подходящий, более выгодныйyou are a better man for this job than I am — ты больше подходишь для этой работы, чем я
6. a больший7. adv от 2 I8. adv лучшеthe less said the better — чем меньше слов, тем лучше
he works better nor you — он работает лучше, чем вы
9. adv в большей степени; большеI like him better than his brother — он мне нравится больше, чем его брат
10. adv полнее; основательнее; сильнееhe is better loved than ever — его любят сильнее, чем когда-либо
he is better off now that he has a new job — теперь, когда у него новая работа, он лучше обеспечен
he tried to go us one better by bidding twice as much for it — он пытался одолеть нас, увеличив ставки вдвое
11. v улучшать; исправлять; совершенствовать12. v улучшаться; исправляться13. v получить повышение; продвинутьсяin a few years he had bettered himself considerably by his talents and industry — за несколько лет он значительно продвинулся по службе благодаря своим способностям и трудолюбию
14. v превосходить, превышатьСинонимический ряд:1. abler (adj.) abler; more adept; more capable; more competent; more proficient; more proper; more qualified; more skilful; more skilled; more wicked2. best (adj.) best; greater; largest; most3. better (adj.) better; completer; fuller; more entire; more flawless; more intact; more perfect; more unblemished; more unbroken; more undamaged; more unhurt; more unimpaired; more uninjured; more unmarred; rounder4. bigger (adj.) bigger; kinder; kindlier; more altruistic; more benevolent; more benign; more charitable; more chivalrous; more eleemosynary; more humane; more humanitarian; more kind-hearted; more philanthropic5. cleverer (adj.) cleverer; more scintillating; smarter; sprightlier6. excellent (adj.) excellent; incomparable; larger7. healthier (adj.) convalescent; convalescing; haler; healthier; improving; mending; more right; more well-conditioned; more well-liking; more whole; recovering; saner; sounder; stronger8. luckier (adj.) happier; luckier; more fortunate; more providential9. more advantageous (adj.) braver; more advantageous; more benefic; more beneficent; more beneficial; more benignant; more favoring; more gainful; more helpful; more lucrative; more moneymaking; more paying; more profitable; more remunerative; more toward; more well-paying; more worthwhile10. more blameless (adj.) more blameless; more exemplary; more guiltless; more inculpable; more innocent; more irreprehensible; more irreproachable; more lily-white; more righteous; more unblamable; more virtuous; purer11. more considerable (adj.) more considerable; more respectable; more sensible; more sizable12. more decent (adj.) commoner; more acceptable; more adequate; more decent; more satisfactory; more sufficient; more tolerable; more unexceptionable; more unexceptional; more unimpeachable; more unobjectionable13. more decorous (adj.) more decorous; more well-behaved14. more favourable (adj.) more auspicious; more favourable; more promising; more propitious15. more healthful (adj.) more healthful; more hygienic; more salubrious; more salutary; more salutiferous; more wholesome16. more pleasant (adj.) more agreeable; more congenial; more favorable; more grateful; more gratifying; more pleasant; more pleasing; more pleasurable; more pleasureful; more welcome; nicer; pleasanter17. more prosperous (adj.) easier; more comfortable; more prosperous; more substantial; more well-fixed; more well-heeled; more well-off; more well-to-do18. more real (adj.) more authentic; more genuine; more original; more real; more undoubted; more unquestionable; truer19. more skillful (adj.) more adroit; more skillful; more workmanlike; more workmanly; prettier20. more superior (adj.) more excellent; more superior21. more well-founded (adj.) more cogent; more just; more justified; more well-founded; more well-grounded22. preferred (adj.) finer; fitter; improved; more applicable; more appropriate; more befitting; more convenient; more expedient; more fit; more meet; more suitable; more tailor-made; more useful; more valuable; preferable; preferred; superior23. advantage (noun) advantage; superiority; upper hand; victory; whip hand24. player (noun) gambler; player; speculator25. superior (noun) brass hat; elder; higher-up; senior; superior26. ameliorate (verb) advance; ameliorate; amend; correct; help; improve; meliorate; pacify; profit; refine; revamp; upgrade27. surpass (verb) beat; best; cap; cob; ding; eclipse; exceed; excel; outdo; outgo; outmatch; outshine; outstrip; overshadow; pass; surpass; top; transcend; trump28. more (other) moreАнтонимический ряд:failing; inferior; worsen -
14 fitter
n монтёр; слесарь; механик; установщикСинонимический ряд:1. healthier (adj.) haler; healthier; heartier; more right; more well; more well-conditioned; more well-liking; more whole; more wholesome; saner; sounder2. more applicable (adj.) better; happier; meeter; more applicable; more appropriate; more apt; more befitting; more convenient; more correct; more eligible; more expedient; more felicitous; more fitted; more fitting; more just; more meet; more proper; more qualified; more rightful; more suitable; more suited; more tailor-made; more useful; righter; worthier -
15 أصلح
أصْلَحbetter; more virtuous, more righteous, more pious; fitter, more fitting, more suitable, more appropriate, more adequate; more competent, more qualified, more eligible, more efficient; more useful, more serviceable, more practicable, more feasible -
16 improve on
(to produce something which is better, more useful etc than: I think I can improve on that suggestion.) forbedre* * *(to produce something which is better, more useful etc than: I think I can improve on that suggestion.) forbedre -
17 Quién es quién
Ex. Even more useful as author bibliographies are biographical dictionaries of the Who's who type and, indeed, individual biographies and autobiographies.* * *Ex: Even more useful as author bibliographies are biographical dictionaries of the Who's who type and, indeed, individual biographies and autobiographies.
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18 de este modo
= accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing soEx. If the edition of the work is emphasised, then the work is entered accordingly as an edition of the original work.Ex. By so doing the public library might well take upon itself a distinctive role in the community's pattern of communication.Ex. By this means they both facilitate the searching for, and retrieval of, a document.Ex. The next step is individual planning, which each library must do, and in so doing, it must provide the services that represent the goals of that library.Ex. In fact, all he is doing by forming the exercise in this fashion is to teach a misuse, not to say a misunderstanding, of language.Ex. When paying fines in this manner, it is not possible to specify the order of payment of the fines.Ex. To help eliminate false drops, and thereby improve precision, certain devices can be employed at the indexing stage.Ex. This way the type of fund is immediately obvious from the list of funds.Ex. Truuskee Sanders, NBLC organiser for the Children's Panel, feels that the press attach too great importance to the books thus selected.Ex. On balance, it is more useful to have things this way round.Ex. In this way, the need for a strong central organization is reduced, though it still exists = De este modo, se reduce la necesidad de una organización central fuerte, aunque ésta aún siga existiendo.Ex. By doing so, librarians find hot spots on the Web that contain information germane to a user's query.Ex. Only in these ways can a bibliographic compiling agency hope to create a reasonably complete current bibliography.Ex. This is how the world ends, not with a bang, but with a whimper.Ex. The task of a modern information system is to describe such unformatted data automatically and in doing so, to support the user in storing and especially in retrieving natural language documents.* * *= accordingly, by so doing, by this means, in so doing, in this fashion, in this manner, thereby, this way, thus, this way round, in this way, by doing so, in these ways, this is how, in doing soEx: If the edition of the work is emphasised, then the work is entered accordingly as an edition of the original work.
Ex: By so doing the public library might well take upon itself a distinctive role in the community's pattern of communication.Ex: By this means they both facilitate the searching for, and retrieval of, a document.Ex: The next step is individual planning, which each library must do, and in so doing, it must provide the services that represent the goals of that library.Ex: In fact, all he is doing by forming the exercise in this fashion is to teach a misuse, not to say a misunderstanding, of language.Ex: When paying fines in this manner, it is not possible to specify the order of payment of the fines.Ex: To help eliminate false drops, and thereby improve precision, certain devices can be employed at the indexing stage.Ex: This way the type of fund is immediately obvious from the list of funds.Ex: Truuskee Sanders, NBLC organiser for the Children's Panel, feels that the press attach too great importance to the books thus selected.Ex: On balance, it is more useful to have things this way round.Ex: In this way, the need for a strong central organization is reduced, though it still exists = De este modo, se reduce la necesidad de una organización central fuerte, aunque ésta aún siga existiendo.Ex: By doing so, librarians find hot spots on the Web that contain information germane to a user's query.Ex: Only in these ways can a bibliographic compiling agency hope to create a reasonably complete current bibliography.Ex: This is how the world ends, not with a bang, but with a whimper.Ex: The task of a modern information system is to describe such unformatted data automatically and in doing so, to support the user in storing and especially in retrieving natural language documents. -
19 diccionario biográfico
(n.) = biographical dictionaryEx. Even more useful as author bibliographies are biographical dictionaries of the 'Who's Who' type and, indeed, individual biographies and autobiographies.* * *(n.) = biographical dictionaryEx: Even more useful as author bibliographies are biographical dictionaries of the 'Who's Who' type and, indeed, individual biographies and autobiographies.
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20 nuevo miembro
См. также в других словарях:
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